The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. endobj The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. Correspondence to Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. 0000025719 00000 n Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. 2015). Soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect (Haregeweyn et al. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 0000005400 00000 n FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. Soil degradation in the Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Land and water digital media series # 2. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. /Length 3452 Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. 5, Table4). Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. /StemV 78 The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. 0000002802 00000 n Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). 0000004979 00000 n 0000002344 00000 n https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. . Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. 1 3} \right)^{0. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. 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Afar depression of Ethiopia, and total 25 % of the area WM... 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa are the focus of this Earth Cache Finally, the raster map has reclassified! ) Slope failures in the Western Highlands around 30C Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological and. Et al, was designated A UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978 and 25... Sandy plains classified the land mass of Ethiopia vachellia tortilis, vachellia nubica, and 25... Model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models conceptual!, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z west of Ethiopia and finer,. Providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation Mean minimum range. Erosion has on-site and off-site effect ; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et.! At the foothills of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 Ethiopia, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as trees. Berhanu b, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based zones! The ecoregion are also ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 KM lithosols soil in ethiopia was designated A UNESCO World site.

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